Alphabetical Index

Note: Italicized links lead to the Glossary; boldface links lead to the bibliography, and will take a while to load, as it's bigger than a megabyte. To see why I am trying this system, see the discussion of typographical conventions.

For a more organized guide to these Web pages, see the overview page or the contents page. If you can't find what you are looking for, please let me know.

A

acknowledgments

Adams, J. C.

aerosol effects on colors of inferior-mirage and mock-mirage flashes

afterimages and green flashes:

explanation refuted by Mulder

detailed explanation of actual visual effects

air, refractivity and dispersion of

airmass

Airy, G. B.

aliases of journals

angular units

animations of green flashes

Arago: (many bibliography entries; start with his paper with Biot)

artifacts in pictures

astronomical refraction (see also the refraction physics page).

avoiding eye injury in observing green flashes

award from the Griffith Observatory (follow their “Star Awards” link, and look for March 12-18, 2000)

B

Banat, the

bending of refracted rays in air

bibliography:

introduction to

full bibliography (over 1.9 MB, so slow to load!)

bilingual spell-checking

binoculars

Biot, J. B.:

adventures in Spain with Arago

astronomy textbook

dispute with Faye about the use of terrestrial refraction measurements

magnification theorem

mirage monograph

papers on refraction theory (see the Connaissance des Tems paper for full details)

blank strips, Wegener's

bleaching, retinal

blindness, Galileo's

blinking pairs of simulations

blue flashes:

examples and interpretation of color

blue sky:

simple and more technical explanations

blurring and un-blurring scanned images

books about the green flash

BSAF history

C

calibration images for laser printers

Cassini's refraction model derived

Cassini's model, errors near the horizon

calculation of refraction

centesimal angular measure

Challis, James

classification of . . .

green flashes

mirages

refraction phenomena

color explained simply

color explained technically

color rendition on monitors

colors of green flashes explained; see also the real and simulated inferior-mirage and mock-mirage examples

contacting the maintainer of this site

contents, tables of

converting PS to other file formats

cookie problems

correcting mistakes here

Cowley, Les

crepuscular rays

curvature of refracted rays in air

D

derivation of . . .

Cassini's refraction model

the differential of refraction

the refractive invariant

diffraction

digital halftoning

the dip diagram

dip of the horizon

discovery of . . .

atmospheric dispersion

the law of refraction

dispersion

dispersion and refractivity of air

distance to the horizon

dot-overlap problems in laser printing

ducts:

and superior mirages

effects on sunsets

in general (with raytraces)

E

e-mail address of the maintainer

earliest . . .

observation of a GF

scientific paper on GFs

photographs of green flashes

engravings, how to reproduce

errata:

in Feenstra Kuiper's references

in Fisher's references

in Minnaert's references

in Mulder's book

in O'Connell's references

errors in this website

Evershed, John

suggests mirages as cause of green flashes

explanations of green flashes:

detailed explanations, type by type

general explanation page

other explanations on the Web

extinction, atmospheric:

elementary description

technical exposition

extinction effects on colors of

inferior-mirage and

mock-mirage flashes

extinction theorem, Laplace's

eye safety

F

fallacies about green flashes

Fechner, Gustav Theodor

Feenstra Kuiper, Pieter:

thesis on GFs

story about

figure conversions:

PS to EPS

PS to PNG

to and from other graphics formats

firsts:

first mirage photograph

first photographs of green flashes

first published account of a GF

first red flash observed

first scientific paper on green flashes, and how it was found

first review article on green flashes

Fisher, Willard J.:

Type A and B sunsets described

GF review article

• errata in his references

flat-Earth model

flattening of the setting Sun

Floyd-Steinberg halftoning

“fog” in mirages

fold line in mirages

French journals

Friedrich Wilhelms, all the

G

Galileo:

blindness not due to observing Sun

observing technique described

Gallica cookie problem

gamma problems with scanned images

geometrical optics

gif animations of green flashes

glossary

green flashes:

home page

my explanation page

other explanations

pictures

range of observed colors

reading list

simulated

types summarized

green ray:

described in a separate page of its own

defined

depicted in Feenstra Kuiper's thesis

in Mulder's classification

(see also green flashes and crepuscular rays)

green rim simulations

H

Habsburg story

halftoning problems

halos

Harriot, Thomas

discovery of law of refraction

eye injury, from observing Sun

height of homogeneous atmosphere

hierarchical table of contents

homogeneous atmosphere

horizon:

dip of

distance to

pages related to

strange appearance due to inferior mirage

how . . .

to calculate refraction

to find stuff in all these pages

to see green flashes

gif simulations were made

realistic simulations were made

Huygens, Christiaan

hydrostatic equilibrium

I

illuminance: see also luminance and irradiance

Illusions mis-perceived in mirages

[see also optical illusions]

inferior mirage:

defined

produces Omega form of Sun at the horizon

ray paths

simulations

GF simulations

integrating the refraction

invariant, refractive

inversions, thermal

irradiance

ispell

J

JOSA paper on visual effects

Joule, James Prescott:

early GF description

1869 paper with woodcut

journal names and aliases

junkbuster problem

K

Kaplan, George: Omega-sunset photos

Kelvin, Lord:

his improbable estimate of GF duration

kinds of green flashes

Kosmos:

Mulder's hard-to-find reference in

story behind it

L

Laplace's extinction theorem

laser-printer problems and calibration images

LaTeX formatting on Debian systems

library, adventures in:

mine

Tait's

LINK-tag hierarchy

links to other GF websites

literature, GF in

looming

Lord Kelvin:

his improbable estimate of GF duration

Lord Rayleigh:

GF paper by 4th Baron

molecular scattering theory of 3rd Baron

luminance

M

magazine articles with GF photos

magnification theorem

Matthias, B. T.: see Taylor

Michie Smith, Charles:

see the bibliography

Minnaert, Marcel:

classic book on natural phenomena; see also the bibliography

minutes of arc

mirages:

general information

simulations

see also entries for inferior, superior, mock, etc.

missing references

mistakes here, to correct

mock mirage:

defined

ray diagram

simulations

technical paper

sunset animations and realistic color simulations

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Moon illusion

movies of green flashes:

real ones

simulations

Mulder, Marten Edsge:

biography

GF book by

remarks on Galileo and eye safety

index to works cited by

multi-lingual spell-checking

N

navigating this website

needed references

Newton, Isaac

O

Wollaston's bent oar on a barge in the Thames

observed colors of green flashes

O'Connell, D. J. K.:

book on GF

errata in

phenomena explained

reviews of

Scientific American article on GF

observing green flashes

Omega form of the low Sun:

discussed

animated simulation

photographed

optical illusions:

differ from mirages

examples on other websites:

in Japan

in England

optics, basics explained

Oriani's theorem:

derived

discussed

overlapping dots and laser printers

P

parallactic refraction

Pernter & Exner's book

phenomena due to refraction

photographing green flashes (and other mirage phenomena)

photographs:

of green flashes

earliest of GF

of Omega sunset

pictures of green flashes:

on the Web

published in books

published in magazines

plane-parallel model

Pola

Poland

polytropes

PostScript file conversions:

to EPS

to PNG

to and from other graphics formats

principles behind refraction phenomena

printer calibration tests

printing problems with engravings

prisms

proxy server problem

PS file conversions:

to EPS

to PNG

to and from other graphics formats

publications:

about green flashes, recommended

full bibliography of

purple flashes:

examples and interpretation of color

Q

R

radiance

rainbows

links to pictures of

Rambaut, Arthur

review article by

ray diagrams:

for ducts

for mirages
(see also the mirage simulation pages)

Rayleigh, Lord

GF paper by 4th Baron Rayleigh

molecular scattering theory by 3rd Baron Rayleigh

rays:

a fiction of optics

realistic simulations, how made

red flash:

first observed red flash

second observed red flash

simulation

red rim

reduced height of the atmosphere

references

general bibliography on refraction (see also its introduction)

on green flashes

on mirages

refraction, law of

discovered

explained

refraction phenomena, table of

refractive invariant explained

refractivity and dispersion of air

rendering spectra on monitors

reproducing scanned engravings

retinal bleaching

RGB and colors

red rim

Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices

Ruthenia

S

safety, eye

scanned images

scattering, atmospheric:

simple description

fuller description

technical exposition

Scientific American:

article by O'Connell

Scripta Clarissimi Mathematici

seconds of arc

sexagesimal angular measure

simulations of:

green flashes

green rims

mirages

spectra

sinking

site map for these Web pages

Sky & Telescope magazine:

GF pictures published in

home page of

smoothness of temperature profiles

Snel, Willebrord

spectra

spell-checking multiple languages

sRGB

Standard Atmosphere

sunset simulation

temperature profile

terrestrial refraction simulations

stooping

stories:

about adventures in the library

about Taylor and Matthias

about a much-travelled copy of Pernter & Exner

about a surfer

about tracking down a reference

about why libraries are irreplaceable

sub-duct green flashes

superior mirage:

defined

ray diagrams

simulations

surfer story

symmetry considerations

systematic exposition of atmospheric refraction

T

table of . . .

green flash types

refraction phenomena

Tables of Contents

P. G. Tait's library adventure

Taylor and Matthias:

paper in Nature

story about

technical details of atmospheric . . .

extinction

refraction

scattering

terrestrial refraction

temperature profiles

textbook errors:

about green flashes

about Galileo's blindness

textbook explanation of GF

thanks to everyone who has helped

theorems of atmospheric refraction:

horizontal rays required for mirages

magnification at the horizon

Oriani's theorem

thermal inversions:

defined

tooolbar, site-specific

towering

transfer functions

trapping of rays in ducts

types of . . .

green flashes

mirages

refraction phenomena

U

un-blurring scanned images

understanding refraction in detail

unsolved mysteries of GFs

V

Vatican Observatory green flashes explained

Verudella

videos of green flashes:

real ones

simulations

violet flashes:

examples and interpretation of color

visual effects in green flashes

W

Wallachia

wanted references

waves on the water and green flashes

Wegener, Alfred

papers on mirages

Wegener's principle

blank strips and Nachspiegelung

Welser, Mark

Whitmell, Charles:

second to see a red flash

dozens of items in the bibliography, from 1897 to 1919

obituaries

who's responsible for all this?

Wollaston's bent oar on a barge in the Thames

wood engravings, how to reproduce

Wood, Robert W.:

comments on GF and afterimages in “Physical Optics”

GF observation and incorrect explanation

early mirage photograph

X

Y

yellow flashes:

how to avoid them in photographs of green flashes

technical details of why most sunset green flashes turn out yellow on color film

Young, A. T.:

e-mail address

how I got into this business

GF publications

Z

Zenit:

English version of GF paper in

home page of this Dutch magazine

Zirknitz, Lake

Copyright © 2000 – 2009 Andrew T. Young